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Jumat, 15 Januari 2016

Active And Passive Voice

Nama   : Fajar Hidayatullah
Kelas   : 4KB02
NPM   : 22112713


ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Sentences in English can be active or passive. Verbs, correspondingly, have active and passive forms. The distinction between the active and passive voices can be tricky, but it is, essentially, quite simple.
In a sentence in the active voice, the subject is actively performing the action, and the object is receiving it. For example:
The cat ate the rat.
In this sentence, the subject cat is performing the action of eating the rat.

The passive voice, on the other hand, sees a reversal of roles. For example:
The rat was eaten by the cat. Here, the rat is the subject, but it is not actively, but passively performing the action. It is allowing the action to be performed on it. It is the object, the cat, which is actually performing the action, although syntactically it is receiving it.
Most sentences are in the active voice. The passive voice is employed when the noun that generally would have been the object, needs emphasis, or when you do not want to mention or do not know the identity of the subject.
  • For emphasis:
Our house was burnt down by the mob!
Here, it is clear that the stress is on the fact that the speaker’s house has burnt down, rather than on the perpetrators of the act.
  • When you do not know or do not want to mention the identity of the subject:
My jewellery has been stolen.





Active / Passive Overview
Tense
Active
Passive
Simple Present
Once a week, Tom cleans the house.
Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.
Present Continuous
Right now, Sarah is writing the letter.
Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.
Simple Past
Sam repaired the car.
The car was repaired by Sam.
Past Continuous
The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store.
The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store.
Present Perfect
Many tourists have visited that castle.
That castle has been visited by many tourists.
Present Perfect Continuous
Recently, John has been doing the work.
Recently, the work has been being done by John.
Past Perfect
George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.
Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license.
Past Perfect Continuous
Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris.
The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris.
Simple Future
will
Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM.
The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
Simple Future
be going to
Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.
A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight.
Future Continuous
will
At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dishes.
At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed by John.
Future Continuous
be going to
At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be washing the dishes.
At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to be being washed by John.
Future Perfect
will
They will have completed the project before the deadline.
The project will have been completed before the deadline.
Future Perfect
be going to
They are going to have completed the project before the deadline.
The project is going to have been completed before the deadline.
Future Perfect Continuous
will
The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.
The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
Future Perfect Continuous
be going to
The famous artist is going to have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.
The mural is going to have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
Used to
Jerry used to pay the bills.
The bills used to be paid by Jerry.
Would Always
My mother would always make the pies.
The pies would always be made by my mother.
Future in the Past
Would
I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM.
I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM.
Future in the Past
Was Going to
I thought Sally was going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.
I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by Sally tonight.





Rabu, 13 Januari 2016

Letters

Name          : Fajar Hidayatullah
Class           : 4 KB 02
NPM           : 22112713



Application Letters
An application letter is a business document, part of the important correspondence between applicant and organization, firm or company, institution or various boards and committees that publish a vacancy. It is a paper frequently used in all levels of government, commerce, industry, and academia. Students planning to correspond in any undertaking require the understanding of the main points of a job application letter.
Writing a correct job application letter is a useful talent for anyone planning to enter an administrative role in any industry or profession. In order to write a job application letter in the most exact manner, the writer must understand that letters employers are familiar with nowadays were established gradually to become effectual, succinct and workable documents.
A good job application letter addresses all the points stated in the job advertisement. The manner in which a person responds to a commercial announcement alerts recruiters and employers to their capacity, their level of education, personality, and professionalism.
A standard, generic form for the letter of application is (1) to introduce yourself, (2) to state briefly what you want, what position you are applying for, (3) to state clearly why you are qualified for the position, (4) to elaborate as to your special assets, why you are particularly well suited for the job, (5) to highlight your most important training, experiences, skills and accomplishments, and (6) to end with a compelling statement as to why the employer ought to hire you. 
A job application letter, also known as a cover letter, should be sent or uploaded with your resume when applying for jobs. The job application letters you send explain to the employer why you are qualified for the position and why you should be selected for an interview.

1.      Applicant’s Address
2.      Date
3.      Write in the following sequence
·         Name of the responsible officer
·         Post of the responsible officer
·         Name of the organization
·         Address of the organization
4.      Addressee:
·         Address to the responsible officer as far you can, e.g. Mr. Lee
5.      Title
·         State relevant post
6.      First Paragraph
·         State again the post you are applying for end explain how the vacancy is known
·         In the first paragraph of an unsolicited application letter, you should state the post or job area you are interested in and the reason for making self-referral
7.      Content
·         List the relevant academic qualifications and experience to show that you are the best person for the post
8.      Last Paragraph
·         Indicate your wish for an interview
9.      Closing
·         Use “yours sincerely” if you are addressing to the responsible officer, otherwise, use “Yours faithfully”
·         Sign your name below the closing remark and type your name under signature






Inquiry Letter

           Inquiry Letter is a letter written to request information and/or ascertain its authenticity. A letter of inquiry deals with various matters like job vacancies, funding, grants, scholarships, projects, sales, pre-proposals and others. The term is common in various business setups as it implies fund request or pre-proposal information. Owing to this usage, the term may be considered exclusive to these setups alone. But that is not the case, to this effect the below definition offers a justified meaning.
       A document requesting information sent on behalf of an individual or an organisation for their own respective purposes, which can be mutually beneficial to the recipient and the sender.

The term ‘Inquiry’ is same as ‘Enquiry’. The former is more commonly used in U.S. and the latter one is more common in U.K. There are some other terms which represent the letters; these are Letter of Intent,Letter of Interest, Query letter, Prospecting Letter, Pre-proposal Letter and Concept Paper. The term ‘Cover Letter’, ‘Business Letter’, ‘Request Letter’ and ‘Sales Letter’ is also applied to an inquiry letter especially when the objective is same as that of letter for inquiry.

       A letter of inquiry serves to facilitate business operations and satisfaction of the sender. Inquiry letters remove any misunderstanding and are time savers, especially when two parties want to reach an understanding. The communication towards this effect resolves the issue without any delay. With relation to it being a ‘Pre-proposal letter’, the inquiry letter is also termed as a ‘Condensed Version of a Proposal’. It is the outcome of the purpose of the letter which highlights the points of a proposal instead of a full-fledged proposal.

       On an individual’s basis, these letters are sent to companies that are willing to hire but haven't advertised job openings. It can also be a letter addressed to editor in-charge of a publication proposing certain literary work. It can be a letter from a student who is vying for a seat in a college or a business that provides an internship. So, the objective of an enquiry letter is same but its projections and audiences are different. Same goes for its method of delivery, it can be sent via paper mail or electronic mail.

In the letter of demand for the goods usually offer prospective buyers ask:
1.      name and type of goods
2.      special characteristics (specifications) of goods, namely, the type, size, quality, capacity and others
3.      unit price
4.      Pieces
5.      method of payment
6.      means of delivery
7.      ease that may be obtained by the buyer, such as guarantees and other
In addition to the above mentioned potential buyers asking price lists and catalogs (if the items varied) and a technical description of the goods in the form of leaflets or brochures. For items that allow, prospective buyers can also request a sample of goods actually sent.
By letter of demand and supply of services, prospective buyers can ask:
1.      the form of services that can be presented by the seller
2.      equipment used by the seller as a support (if any)
3.      price
4.      pieces
5.      method of payment
In demand service offerings, potential buyers can also request a price list (according to the level of services to be provided). Usually all been included in the prospectus which has been prepared by the company selling services.
Inquiry should not only be submitted to one seller, but to some sellers. This step was taken so that the price list and the information collected will be compared with each other to determine which one best suit your desires and financial ability of prospective buyers.


COMPLAINT LETTERS
Complaint letter definition can be described in many ways. A complaint letter is the part of written communication. In general word complaint letter means a letter which is written to submit a complaint to the authority. And it is generally done when other way of complaint are failure like phone, email etc. However here we provide complaint letter definition in formal way.
A Complaint letter is a request for an adjustment. In other words, it is a letter that describes about the damage; errors or mistakes happened to the delivered goods and therefore claims for compensation is known to be a complaint letter.
In modern age, the chain of business is not limited within the boundary of country. As business is expanding, its complexities are also increasing. So, mistake or fault is not a strange matter in the arena of business. There may be wrong delivery of goods shipment of obsolete, poor quality or underweight goods, faulty packing, delivery after the specified date and other damages to the goods shipped. In the above cases, buyer is supposed to suffer financial loss and therefore he has every reason to complaint to the seller demanding compensation. Hence a letter is used to serve such purpose is called complaint letter.
To draft such a letter, buyer must have valid grounds to explain that he has suffered financial loss or otherwise there will be misunderstanding which may damage business relation buyer requires special care with the art of convincing the seller. Clarity and courtesy are the important factors to write a letter of complaint. The complaint should be made politely without showing any sign of anger.
The following are usual causes for which a complaint letter is drafted:
1.      Problem with the delivered goods: If the goods that are delivered are :
·         Under weight,
·         Obsolete,
·         Defective,
·         Incomplete,
·         Not according to buyer’s specification such as color, brand, size etc.
·         Wrong or poor quality; then buyer can make a claim to the seller for the mistake.
2.      Pricing: If there is any mistake in preparing the invoice of the shipped goods, then such letter is written.
3.      Packing: Faulty or poor packing of the goods causes damage to the goods which can be claimed to the seller.
4.      Transport: Goods are supposed to be shipped according to convenience of the buyer. But if wrong carrier is used it may call for writing such letter.
5.      Terms & Condition: If the terms and condition of business are violated by the seller then such a letter is placed.
6.      Faulty Insurance: If insurance coverage is not made properly according to instruction of the buyer, then there may be claim through complaint letter.
 On the above grounds, buyer can complaint but it must be in a decent and polite way.









PURCHASED ORDER LETTERS
A purchase order is a written authorization from a buyer to acquire goods or services. The document authorizes a supplier to deliver to the buyer at the price, quality level, delivery date, and certain other terms specified in the agreement. A purchase order is legally binding after the supplier counter-signs it.
A purchase order is time-consuming to create. To reduce the work load, some organizations issue a master purchase order to each supplier, authorizing considerably more than is initially needed, and then issue releases against the master purchase order.


  





Purchased Order Letter sample


Mancini Kitchen Equipment

Troy D. Mancini

4220 Straford Park
Harold, KY 41635



Dear Mr. Mancini,

We would like to purchase twenty two (22) individual stand mixers (Model #43423), all in the color red.

 We would like you to charge this purchase to the preexisting account that we have with you, business account #543234.

We hope to receive this order no later than Friday, November 11th, 2009. Attached to this letter please find our preferred shipping method and receiving address.

Please confirm that you received this order by calling us at 232-231-4563 anytime during business hours, Monday to Friday.

Thank you for your cooperation

Keller Kitchen Co.


Inquiry Letters sample


July 2, 2015 
Mr.  Rodrigo Rivera
Personnel Director
Technote Corporation
3152 Bridge Avenue
Boston, MA 02154

Dear Mr. Rivera:

May I ask a favor of you?  Randy del Rosario, a representative of the Leverage Company, recently told me of your success in managing Technote’s training program for the hardcore unemployed.  Our firm is presently planning such a program, and we would appreciate information about the mind-set section of your program.

We expect to begin our training sessions on approximately August 1.  I believe we are prepared for the remedial-education and job-skills portion of the program, but we need help with mind-set section.  Specifically, we would appreciate knowing who you employed to teach that section, the major emphasis in the section, and the length of the section in relation to the entire programs.

I congratulate you on your success in managing Technote’s program, and I believe your ideas would help us solve this long-neglected problem, also.  I look forward to hearing from you.

Very truly yours,

Francisco Fortaleza
Managing Director


Application Letters sample

Room 354, Block 6
Model Village
North Point
Hong Kong
Phone: 24862893
E-mail: wwm654@hkinternet.com
5 January 2015

Mr William Chan
Personnel Manager
Wong And Lim Consulting
PO Box 583
Kwai Chung
Kowloon
Dear Mr Chan
Application for the Post of Management Trainee
I am writing to apply for the post of Management Trainee, which was advertised on the Student Affairs Office notice board of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University on 5 January 2015.
My working experience at Lucky Star Garment Manufactory Limited improved my leadership skills, communication skills and ability to work in a team environment. I have fluent spoken and written English. I also have fluent spoken and written Mandarin, and can therefore work in mainland China.
Currently I am studying a B.A. in Management at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, graduating in 2015. Subjects which I am studying that are relevant to the post of Management Trainee include Operations Management, Human Resources Management, Accounting, Marketing and Strategic Management.
My final year project is entitled Knowledge Management Practices in HK. Carrying out this project has improved my communication skills, my leadership skills and my ability to lead and supervise subordinates effectively. I have also learned how to run a project from the planning stage to its completion.
During my studies I have held the post of Executive in the Management Society. While leading and organising Management Society activities I have improved my ability to lead and supervise subordinates effectively, ability to work under pressure and ability to work in a team environment.
Working for Wong And Lim Consulting appeals to me because it has a good reputation and it provides excellent training. Your organisation produces a high-quality service, and I can contribute to this with my leadership skills and my ability to work under pressure.
I am available for interview at any time. I can be contacted most easily on the mobile phone number given above. I look forward to meeting you.
Yours sincerely


Wong Wai Man Wilfred









 Complaint Letters sample


65 Market Street
Val Haven, CT 95135
June 30, 2004
Customer Service
Cool Sports, LLC
8423 Green Terrace Road
Asterville, WA 65435
Dear Sir or Madam:
I have recently ordered a new pair of soccer cleats (item #6542951) from your website on June 21. I received the order on June 26. Unfortunately, when I opened it I saw that the cleats were used. The cleats had dirt all over it and there was a small tear in front of the part where the left toe would go. My order number is AF26168156.
To resolve the problem, I would like you to credit my account for the amount charged for my cleats, I have already went out and bought a new pair of cleats at my local sporting goods store so sending another would result in me having two pairs of the same cleats.
Than you for taking the time to read this letter. I have been a satisfied customer of your company for many years and this is the first time I have encountered a problem. If you need to contact me, you can reach me at (555) 555-5555.

Sincerely,
Signature
Ken Thomas